Stages of Memory

by Prof Dr. Bilal Semih Bozdemir

Stages of Memory

Allocating a memory system in three parts is often useful: encoding, after a certain time, as a result of previous experience until recording which is called storage and, means ensuring acceptable or memorable information input by showing the fulfillment of the relevant editing. Studies on encoding usually apply the nature of the object and / or by changing the way of learning during an education process. The impact of process stages, in terms of meaning rather than treating, is to process the visual features of a word, revealing a clearer consequences for future recall or in terms of acceptance, is a good example for what we are talking about.

Storage is measured by remembrance skills. Surprisingly, even if the learning process is influenced by many temporary or permanent factors consisting of permanent brain function information, it is observed that the deletion rate of the memory is less sensitive to patient type or encoding procedure (Kopelman, 1985). Memory loss rate or forgetting problems in patients due to the brain's temporal lobe, although there are assumptions that it was different than the patients with damage in Anat, this is not something that emerged in subsequent research, and it is too early to conclude that such patients cannot make rapidly forget information. If the stored information is used, in order to have an impact on the next performance, then we will have to open the memory directly or indirectly, and it will be corrected directly in the indirect memory. Fixing or repairing memory to make it remember things requires the use of two basic methods that require the copying of human stimulating objects or object identification. This requires a man to be able to show an object (recognition of yes / no) or to select one or two alternatives against a previously shown object (push / select definition). The performance of defining a Yes-no answer, will be influenced by the level of attention that people have. Saying "yes" to everything doesn’t of course necessary requires a memory, but could help us categorize correctly or to show any kind of memory objectives that has been shown previously. A human being performing such acts will not be believed, of course, but while showing an object, the more subtle differences in performance of observing an object and asking himself was it a previously shown object ("old") or is it newly shown ("new") and his level of attention will greatly influence when he’s making decisions.

There are many ways to understand the differences in the level of attention among people. One of them is considered to be the fact that when people aren’t able to remember some objects there are many of them who just "edit or correct by guessing". By assuming the fact that there is an equal probability for their estimation or guessing to be right or wrong and estimates that there would be being the "old" so-called false alarm of objects as being incorrect guessing may also have accurate estimates (hits). There are fixing with estimates which may also include later subtracting the total number of false alarms. An alternate method related to this measurement which is somewhat more complicated, is the use of an individual research theory, and this one is composed of two measurements corresponding to the two measurements of the level of attention that are used by that person in terms of theoretical capacity memory (Lockhart, 2000). The forcing-selection method must select only one object from each group of people, as a result, there cannot be a proper attention at this level. In general, they proved that the identification of corrective action by only stating "new" and "old" as separate objects is not sufficient, after comparing we have to remember that we have to specify what it is about and that the former statement is a less significant role to play. Probably the most simple recall method, in a number of substances, and especially for a word shown in the order that you want people to remember as many words as possible is expected to be the free call method. When an instant recall occurs it somehow depends on the location in the queue watched with a great possibility of recalling a word extent showing words, has the advantage of first or second in the material (the effect of priority), is more difficult to remember the middle article, best remembered for rate moves in a straight function seen in the final words (innovation effect). Remembering all the performance improvements come into effect regardless of the instant and this mostly occurs in the free call depending on the long-term memory of the words and visuals, and it affects all the performance of variables such as frequency and semantic association.

A common variable observed in free call is set to use the word in the same semantic category, such as creating a list including four animals, four flowers, four colors and four professions with a former list of 16 words designating specific objects. Even when it was shown to people in a complicated scheme they demonstrated that they used as a basis for coding and fix meanings, they tend to remember words based on semantic patterns. These effects become more powerful when the same list was shown during several trials later on. In fact, with people’s leaning skills, even completely unrelated word, there was a tendency to group into specific clusters that seemed semantically related (Tulving & Patkau, 1962). In case of non-fiction, in the first level of performance the thing to be remembered, is not the total number of words, but it is prepared according to the number of word clusters and groups (Tulving, 1962). Innovation effect follows a different model, while remaining insensitive to the many variables that will improve the long-term memory, it is very sensitive to a disruption caused by a short delay in an activity such as numbers counting. (Glanz, 1972). The impact of innovation in advance, it’s even still so in some models, were thought to represent a short-term memory. But it can occur in almost the same principles followed novelty effects, sometimes minutes, even days, and in several months’ time period, for example, just as in the remembrance of puzzle games as well as in case of remembering the parking lot after going several times into a laboratory (Baddeley and Hitch, 1977, Costa Pinco and Baddeley, 1991) . Situations such as short-term memory processes as a series of numbers which together span validates the novelty effect, but nevertheless indicated the need for a more complex model (Baddeley and Hitch, 1974). Another opinion is to say that the novelty effect of some short term, some represent a clear operating mechanism operating on different stores in the long-term memory (for the opinion of the discussion, see Baddeley and Hitch, 1993).

A little more complex long-term memory, includes also a remembrance of action in series, it is brought to the people or shown to them a number of material beyond the memory scope and then these material are removed from that person’s view and then they are tested by a number of experiments style or one series until they have completely memorized it, so technically in that method those people are expected to recall everything they will be show later on based on the order shown previously. In this case the serial position curve is a curve showing the maximum error is often just beyond the middle. This method was widely used in the 1940s and 50s, but is now used less frequently. A popular method for testing the long-term memory is implemented through bilateral association learning, with this method it is expected from people to bring together a set of word pairs (such as "cow-tree"), as stimulus word "cow" is displayed and the word "tree" is expected to be given as an answer. This technique is an essential part of the many clinical memory tests, and incites to bring together word pairs that are related to each other such as “cow-milk” by giving more unrelated pairs of words such as "dog-cloud". This method can obviously be used for and by people in their own languages ​​(Latin, as a kind of sail) or in a foreign language (such as hausreck, meaning grasshoppers) while learning a word. Finally, more complex and realistic material are used to recall a book’s sections of in a visual way. This has the advantage of being close to the immediate environment and he/she (the patient) will need it surely to access his/her memory. This will lead us to the last topics about memory called daily memory. Daily Memory Since 100 years ago study researches about the memory, tend to be drawn into two different directions from each other. Ebbinghaus (1885) proved many years ago that memory function, and simply memory could be studied objectively in analyzing unrelated string of made-up words, called meaningless syllables, with a rapidly simplified form.

On the other hand, a more naturalistic psychology approach has been defended by Galton (1883) and later on, usually in North America from the patient, a technique consisting in expecting from patients to recall sections of complex books including irrelevant material to each other like Indian culture legends, has been developed by Bartlett (1932). The evident conflict between these two approaches, has arisen again in recent years, due to Neisser’s following statement: “none of the interesting aspects of memory have been studied by any psychologists” besides, Banaji and Crowder who claimed that many studies on the daily memory were absurd too, so this disagreement has vigorously increased. Unfortunately conflicts raised up in modern psychology are artificial to a certain point. If the memory is as detailed and accurate as to the nature of examined models produced, it can be tested in the lab with their experimental control level there is no doubt that this can be implemented easily. On the other hand, the deal is to create a laboratory method to test the generalizability of daily life and clinical life, based on the theory that it is a rich source of problems. A model which could predict perfectly a person’s reaction in laboratory will show which of the two simple reaction in a person's laboratory, its modeling will be of interest to people who are in favor, but according to the more ambitious and important questions that cannot contribute to the advancement of generalized of memory work.

On the other hand, the probability of creating a scientific theory is as less as getting a complex and amazing phenomenon of researching just as constructive we want to have it. Real-world-lab has two constructive response given to the dilemma, one tries to generalize laboratory findings to complex real-world conditions, and the other is to try to identify phenomena which could not be explained by existing memory model in daily life. As the samples of first model, the parking lot as defined previously and innovation shown in research on the effects of puzzles could be remembered. To remember the words to each other unrelated work done in the laboratory, effort to advance the recalling of a similar tradition memory such as songs and poems is also another example. A good example of the determination of one of the unresolved problems in the world, which can be defined as anything we do in our capacity to remember a specific time and place of a possible memory. This is exactly when we forgot to do something because we have a lot to complain about our bad memory. But it is not clear how to handle the possible memory although it is important from a practical point of view. Absolutely it requires memory, because amnesic patients are incapable of using it, but also young and intelligent people are not sufficiently able to do some things at the right time. Most of the time there is a possible motivational element in the successful memory and a strategy. Older people often forget appointments fewer than younger ones, because they know that their memory is weakened and therefore they usually take notes to support themselves, try to find ways to concentrate on the need to remember or try to create internal memos.

So that’s why in real life they usually make less mistakes despite the probability of making more memory failure than young people under laboratory conditions. It has been a long time since many of the observational methods based on laboratory measurements and complements carried out on their daily work have been defined and it is considered that have the possible memory who used to be ignored is currently very active. There is a doubtful point, claiming that there is a need to check the validity of a continuous work outside the laboratory if we consider that with a laboratory process it is easier for managing the dangers than dominating the field. The current doubt resides in the fact that the potential memory is not a single system or process but is a reflection of the type of operation needed to achieve our memory system. This question, of course, does not make it less important or interesting, but reaches out a single and simple solution to the problems we could not ignore. A method related to memory and laboratory-based approach will be used in the assessment of a lack of memory space and can work effectively together. Traditional measures of memory are based on the learning, and the associated binary suitable for use in patients is then based on classical laboratory techniques, such as the recall of complex shapes with standardized measurement according to the normal control group. But sometimes patients complained at hospitals that they had problems in learning binary associated words or in remembering appointments in complex ways, in subjects such as people's names or to lose their way around. Sunderland (1983) has decided to control the validity of this type of memory based on standard laboratory tests corresponding to the patient and degree of occurrence of the identified memory error careers. He tested a group of patients who had previously received a blow to the head and then a group of normal elderly people (Sunderland, 1983, 1986). It was found in standardized tests that the blow to the head and age, with the increasing memory complaints degraded performance. However, among the many performances of the objective tests, there is no reliable correlation between function of the complaints of patients recorded by healthcare personnel, and beyond the recognizing a portion of the book. Barbara Wilson who paid attention to this particular problem, designed an active memory test to try to diagnose problems that have been identified to occur too often usually in the head of patients suffering of memory deficiency and brain strokes caused by cardiovascular accidents.

She has developed a test to measure the Memorization skills and the capacity of recalling new names of people seen previously, the recognition of objects and image, in fact people are supposed to read a short piece and must remember that moment and find a simple way to later on recall the form of 12 sub-components included in the so-called Rivermead Memory Behavioural Test (RMBT). In this testing system there are also orientation measurements according to the place and the time and some possible memory tests over time. RMBT is sensitive to memory impairments and unlike more primitive methods of the therapists, it may be associated with the incidence of memory errors in their working hours, as shown in observation of patients (Wilson, 1989). A few years later in a study on the amnesic patients Wilson (1991), Wechsler unlike the majority of traditional methods, such as Memory-Measure-Testing, the performance level of the test was found to indeed guess correctly the working capacity measured, and this independently from the previous studies. RBMT and Executive Dysfunction Syndrome power of the other tests that use a similar philosophy as Behavioral Assessment Test, aim to provide a patient’s his ability to face his generally stems on a daily basis from sensitive and objective measurements whips might encounter problems.

These tests are excellent in predicting how a patient might endeavor, but should not be considered to be willingly to replace the tests trying to make a precise assessment on different types of memory function. Such a theoretical test is very important for health care specialists to understand the origin of the patient's problems and therefore provide advice and assistance. *** The long-term memory storage process, is in fact a true pro rata, depending on progress in the development of memory. Forgetfulness in daily life, based on the results that will embarrass us, is a bad manner. Sometimes, especially people after growing older, usually say that their memory is not so good as it used to be. But many studies proved that even the memory of the elderly is in a much better state than they thought. Here are some factors affecting this sensation: motivation up (people who do not wish to remember or to learn a fact, cannot perform this. If you feel alert and stimulated, it means that you will accomplish this more easily.), application, skills, focus.